Тема: US government/Participle
US GOVERNMENT
By the Constitution of 1787 (and the amendments to it) the government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one.
The highest executive power in the United States is vested in the President of the United States, who is elected for a term of 4 years by electors of each state. The Presidential election is held every four years in November. The President o f the USA must be a native-born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old.
The President is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to recommend much of the legislation to the Congress. He is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government departments, called secretaries.
The legislative power belongs to the Congress of the United States consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of two members from each state elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elected every two years. The number of representatives from each state to the House of Representatives depends on the number of people in each particular state.
In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must pass both the Houses and must be signed by the President. An important role in the American legislation is played by so-called “lobbyists” . They are often more influential than Congressmen themselves.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the United States and the head of the judicial branch of power. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and a number of Associate Justices.
The United States is divided into 11 judicial circuits, cach one being served with a Federal Court of Appeals. There are about 90 district courts in different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
Each state has a constitution similar to the Constitution of the entire nation and all the power in cach state is divided into executive, legislative and judicial. The head of cach state is the governor of the state. Each state has each own system of courts similar to that of the Federal courts.
Ex. 4. Name the form of Participle: proclaimed, being investigated, committing, having adopted, having been appointed, having developed, being ensured, being directed, administering, having been protected, being tried, divided.
Ex. 5. a) Form Past Participle of the given verbs. Translate them into Russian.
Model: to compose — composed (составленный) to administer, to empower, to appoint, to ensure, to protect, to approve, to adopt, to elect, to direct, to constitute, to includc, to form, to pay, to express, to divide, to try;
b) Form Present Participlc of the given verbs. Translate them: to approve, to consist, to ensure, to direct, to develop, to maintain, to defend, to take measures, to administer, to divide, to represent;
c) Form Perfect Participle Active of the following verbs: to investigate, to appoint, to administer, to supervise, to develop, to define, to defend, to maintain, to protect;
d) Form Perfect Passive Participle of the given verbs. Translate them: to appoint, to discuss, to interview, to elect, to approve, to guarantee, to implement, to found, to adopt, to preserve.
e) Translate the sentences with Participles:
l. Being washed by seas Great Britain has a mild climate. 2. Having developed its economy the USA has become a mighty power. 3. When reading this article the students will know much of the American w orkers’ life. 4. Having been translated into Russian this book is very popular with the young readers. 5. Having heard o f all the details of that situation 1 decided to help my friend. 6. Having been read long ago the text seemed new for us. 7. Having been put at the Congress these problems have remained very important today. 8. Great Britain has a highly developed economy.
Absolute Participle Construction
Обороты, в которых причастие имеет свое собственное подлежащее, называются самостоятельными причастными оборотами или абсолютными причастными конструкциями (Absolute Participle Construction). Они соответствуют в русском языке либо придаточным предложениям, либо самостоятельным предложениям.
The student knowing English well, the examination did not last long. Т. к. слушатель хорошо знал английский, экзамен продолжался недолго.
The US Congress consists of two chambers, each of them being elected by citizens of all states. Конгресс США состоит из двух палат, и каждая избирается гражданами всех штатов.
Как правило, если абсолютная причастная конструкция стоит в начале предложения, то она переводится придаточным предложением с союзом «так как» (поскольку, ввиду того что, когда, после того как, если).
E.g. The Constitution proclaiming the peaceful nature of the state, there is a special chapter in it formulating the principles of the foreign policy. Поскольку Конституция провозглашает миролюбивый характер государства, то в ней есть особая статья, формулирующая принципы внешней политики.
Ex. 6. Translate the sentences with Absolute Participle Constructions:
1. Big monopolies in the state having real power in the country, the rulers take all measures against any representative of the people attempting to find his way into Congress. 2. The Senate consists o f 2 members from each state, chosen for 6 years, one third being reelected every 2 years. 3. The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 9 justices, one justice being appointed as the C hief Justice. 4. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most o f the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts. 5. The exercise being difficult for the students, the teacher explained them how to do it.
The Participle Constructions (Сложные конструкции с причастием)
I. Конструкция, состоящая из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия, называется “Accusative with the Participle” («Сложное дополнение»). Эта конструкция переводится на русский язык чаще всего дополнительным придаточным предложением. Она употребляется после таких глаголов чувственного восприятия, как to feel, to hear, to see, to watch, to notice и т. д.
E.g. I watched him working at the text. Я наблюдал, как он работает над текстом.
II. Конструкция, состоящая из существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения в именительном падеже и причастия, называется “Nominative with the Participle” («Сложное подлежащее»). Эта конструкция употребляется, когда сказуемое выражено глаголом со значением ощущения, восприятия: to watch, to see, to hear и т. д.
E.g. He was watched working at the text. Наблюдали, как он работает над текстом.
III. Конструкция «существительное + причастие прошедшего времени» употребляется в функции сложного дополнения и указывает на действие, которое выполнено или выполняется не самим подлежащим, а каким-то другим лицом для подлежащего и по его желанию. Эта конструкция употребляется после глаголов: to have, to get, to want, to wish и состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия прошедшего времени.
E.g. Не has the article translated. Ему перевели статью.
Ex. 7. Translate the sentences with Participle Constructions: 1. The article being interesting and important, 1 used it in my report. 2. He sat watching TV, the newspaper forgotten on his knees. 3. He is going to have this job finished. 4. The door being opened, we heard the tcachcr speaking with a student. 5. Mike’s uniform needs ironing, and Pete’s shoes need polishing. 6. Mike had the TV set repaired some days ago. 7. The text being easy, the students could read and translate it easily. 8. If read, the articlc must be discussed. 9. You must go to the hairdresser’s and have your hair cut. 10.I heard him answering the question on the US Constitution. 11. The people want the public order being always maintained. 12. Freedom of speech and demonstration was reported being violated. 13. The tcachcr felt him knowing that problem not quite well.
Ex. 8. Read the international words properly. Give their equivalents in Russian: Congress; Senate; bills; resolutions; President; presidential; resident; programmes; to recommend; secretaries; advocates; interests; system; criminal; civil; constitution; nation.
Ex. 9. Give the corresponding verbs o f the same root from the following words. Translate them: government; legislation; representative; election; head; interests; appointment; trial; recommendation; composition; dependent; legislative.
Ex. 10. Read the following words properly. Translate them. Use a dictionary when necessary: an amendment; a government; a branch; executive; legislative; judicial; presidential; to be held; a resident; to carry out; to appoint; an ambassador, to be composed of; representatives; particular, to sign; to pass; to try; similar, entire; a governor.
Ex. 11. Read the following word combinations; translate them. Try to say them in English by heart: by the Constitution of 1787 and the amendments to it; the executive, legislative and judicial branches of power; the Congress of the United States; the Senate and the House of Representatives; for a term of 4 years; the number of representatives from each state; to depend on the number of people in each particular state; in order to become a law; to pass both the Houses; the executive power in the United States is vested in the President; the presidential election; to carry out the programmes of the Government; to appoint Federal Judges; ambassadors to other countries; to be influential; Chief Justice of the USA; Associate Justices; to try criminal and civil cases; the governor of the state.
Ex. 13. Give as many word combinations as you can with the giver words:
power (осуществлять, быть облеченным, исполнительная, законодательная, судебная, отрасли, экономическая и т. д.)
to elect (на срок, президента, сенатора, представителя, депутата и т. д.)
to appoint (государственного секретаря, посла, председателя суда, помощников судьи, прокурора, судью и т.д.)
to try (уголовное дело, гражданское дело и т. д.)
Ex. 14. Confirm or deny the statements using the following phrases:
Right you are...
I quite agree with you here...
I am afraid not...
I don’t agree with you...
I am afraid you are wrong...
Excuse me but...
On the contrary...
Not only...; not quite so...
1. The government of the USA is composed of three branches. 2. The executive power in the United States is vested in the Congress. 3. The US President must be 40 years old. 4. The President of the USA carries out the programmes of the Government. 5. The President of the USA appoints secretaries of the Government. 6. The Congress of the United States heads the legislative power. 7. The Congress of the United States is the highest executive and the President is the highest legislative power in the USA. 8. In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must be signed by the President. 9. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of power in America. 10. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and a number of the Associate Justices. 11. There are 11 judicial circuits in the United States. 12. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by district courts in the USA. 13. Each state in the USA has a constitution similar to the Constitution o f the entire nation.
Ex. 15. Read the sentences completing them according to the text:
1. By the Constitution of 1787 (and the amendments to it) the government of the USA is composed of . . . . 2. The executive power in the USA is vested in the President o f the USA who 3. The President of the United States is to carry out ... , to appoint ... , to recommend.... 4 .... must be a native-born citizen, resident in the country for ..., and at least... years old. 5. The legislative power in the USA belongs to ... consisting of . . . . 6. The number of representatives from each state to the House o f Representatives depends on .... 7. The Senate is composed of ... elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elected every two years. 8. In order to become a law all bills and resolutions mu st.... 9. Lobbyists play an important role in the American .... 10. The highest judicial organ in the United States is ... consisting of the Chief Justice of the USA and a number of Associate Justices. 11. The lowest courts in the Federal court system are ... which try most of the criminal and civil cases. 12. The head of each state is ....
Ex. 16. Change the sentences using Passive Voice:
Model: A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit.--- Each judicial circuit is served by a Federal Court of Appeals.
1. The executive, legislative and judicial brandies of power compose the government of the USA. 2. A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit. 3. Two members from each state elected for a term of six years compose the Senate. 4. So-called “Lobbyists” play an important role in the American; legislation. 5. The district courts try most o f the criminal and civil cases. 6. Electors from cach state elect the President of the United States for a term of 4 years. The President recommends much of the legislation to the Congress. The President appoints Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries. During the election campaign Reagan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.
Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the pronoun “one”: 1. The government of the USA is composed o f three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one. 2. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. 3. The constitutional system of cach particular state is the one which is similar to that of the entire nation. 4. One can say that lobbyists in the American legislation are very often more influential than the Congressmen. 5. Each voter in the US is in front of the choice between the candidates of two opposite parties: the republican one and the democratic one, whose political platforms are practically alike. 6. One should say that politics in the USA as in many other countries is “a commercial enterprise as any other one” . 7. In some countries the more money one can pay, the better lawyer one can have. 8. The USA is divided into 50 states; each one has its own constitution.
Ex. 18. Answer the following questions:
2. Who does the highest exccutive power in the United States belong to?
3. What kind of person must the President o f the USA be?
4. What are some of the functions o f the President?
5. Who is the legislative power vested in?
6. How many chambers does the Congress consist of?
7. How many members are there in the Senate? in the House of Representatives?
8. What must all bills and resolutions pass in order to become a law?
9. What can you say about lobbyists?
10. What is the head of the judicial branch of power in the Unite States?
11. Who does the Supreme Court of the United States consist of?
12. Where are most of the criminal and civil cases tried?
13. What kind of government does each state in the USA have?
Ex. 19. Read and translate the scntcnccs with various forms of Participle:
1. The ease being heard by the district people’s court is of great interest for our students. 2. Being divided into 11 judicial circuits the USA has a Federal Court of Appeal in each circuit. 3. Having passed both the Houses the bill bccamc a law. 4. Being divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches, all power in each state is similar to that o f the entire nation. 5. Having tried this uneasy ease the court passed a sentence. 6. Having arrived at the crimc scene among the first, the investigator was able to question all persons present at the sccne. 7. Being elected for a term of 4 years the President is to carry out the programme of the government. 8. Having been signed by the President the resolution came into force all over the country. 9. The number of paid lobbyists being three times greater than that o f the members of the Congress, an important role in the American legislature is played by these lobbyists. 10. The political platform of the Republican and Democratic parties in the USA being alike, the Democrats and Republicans essentially conduct the similar policy. 11. Each court of appeal in the circuit consists of between 3 and 15 judges depending upon the amount of work in the circuit, the judge with the largest service, who has reached his 70th birthday, being the chief judge.
Ex. 20. Speak about:
2. the Congress of the USA;
3. the judiciary in the USA.
Ex. 21. Read the following international words properly, translate them: political, practical, standards, basic, to form, to interpret, historian, conservative, privileged class, position, preamble, pressure, satisfaction, guarantee, limit, individual, elementary, control, oligarchy, to regulate, petition.
Ex. 22. Read and translate the words. Use a dictionary if necessary: language, regulations, custom, though, essentially, advantage, advantageous, widespread, significantly, bourgeois, to enumerate, to violate, enterprise, wealthy, at the expense of, unemployment, poverty, income, to profit.
Ex. 23. Read and translate the adverbs. Give the corresponding adjectives they are formed of: practically, regularly, essentially, collectively, properly, widely, significantly, relatively, personally, carefully.
Ex. 24. Read, translate the word units, try to say them again by heart: in American political language; the set of rules, laws, regulations and customs; Supreme Court decisions; to be aimed at preserving the advantageous position; to regard as an essentially conservative document; widespread dissatisfaction; guarantees of basic freedoms and individual rights; to consolidate the gains of the Revolution; to be advantageous for the capitalist class; the elementary bourgeois democratic freedoms; to violate the rights; freedom of enterprise; to expand personal freedoms; on the contrary; in practice; freedom of the wealthy; at the expense of the working people; to face unemployment and poverty; to need a guaranteed income; a guaranteed health care.
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