Раздел 6. Экология
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1. to pollute, environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings.
2. smoke. People dirty the air with gases and smoke.
3. to poison .People poison the water with chemicals and other substances.
4. to damage. People damage the soil.
5. fertilizers and pesticides. People damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides.
6. to scatter rubbish and litter. People ruin natural beauty by scattering rubbish and litter on the land and in the water.
7. a vehicle, a motor vehicle. They operate motor vehicles.
8. noise. Motor vehicles fill the air with the noise.
9. to cause. It causes global warming.
10. disastrous. It causes global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, and other disastrous processes
11. to harm. Air, water, and soil are harmed by pollution .
12. the survival . Air, water, and soil are necessary to the survival of all living things.
13. an illness. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death.
14. to reduce. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing crops.
15. ugliness Environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world.
16. to benefit The pollution problem is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people.
17. exhaust Exhaust from cars pollutes the air.
18. a percentage Exhaust from cars causes a large percentage of all air pollution.
19.discharge Factories discharge much of the the material that pollutes air and water
20. a crop Fertilizers are important aids for the growing of crops
21. immediately People can't reduce the pollution immediately.
22. gradually People can gradually reduce the pollution
23. to lessen Scientists and engineers should work to find the ways to lessen the amount of pollution.
24. to enforce Governments should enforce laws that require enterprises and individuals to stop or to reduce certain polluting activities.
25. invisible Radiation is an invisible pollutant.
26. waste Nuclear radiation comes from nuclear power plants, including waste from nuclear weapons testing.
27.weapons, nuclear weapons Nuclear radiation comes from nuclear weapons testing.
28.X-ray machines Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic devices, including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, TV sets, and X-ray machines.
29. to determine, to influence Scientists have not determined exactly what effect small amounts of radiation influence people.
30. cancer Radiation can cause cancer.
31. exposure Exposure to large amounts of radiation can cause cancer.
32. cell Exposure to large amounts of radiation can cause harmful changes in reproductive cells.
33. to ban Internacional agreements ban most testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.
34. to eliminate Scientists are studying the ways to eliminate the amount of radioactive waste.
35.to devote This text is devoted to the environmental problems.
36. drugs, drugs addiction The TV programme was devoted to drugs addiction of the people, how it can ruin the lives of the people.
37. except The need for a drug may become so great that nothing matters except getting more drugs.
38. perception Drugs only change the brain's perception of difficulties and problems.
39. crime Many drug users turn to crime to support their habit
40. abuse Drugs abuse is one of the problems of the humanity nowadays.
41. unemployment There is a problem of unemployment.
ACID RAINS
Every year more and more plants and animals disappear never to be seen again. Strangely, it is the most intelligent but most thoughtless animal that is causing most of the problems — man. Nature is very carefully balanced and if this balance is disturbed, animals can disappear alarmingly fast. Every day, thousands of species of animals draw closer to extinction. There are countless number of species which may become extinct before they are even discovered.
In many lakes the fish are dying. Fishermen are worried because every year there are fewer fish and some lakes have no fish at all. Scientists are beginning to get worried too. What is killing the fish?
The problem is acid rain. Acid rain is a kind of air pollution. It is caused by factories that burn coal or oil or gas. These factories send smoke high into the air. The wind often carries the smoke far from the factories. Some of the harmful substances in the smoke may come down with the rain hundreds of miles away.
The rain in many places isn't natural and clean any more. It's full of acid chemicals. When it falls in lakes, it changes them too. The lakes become more acidic. Acid water is like vinegar or lemon juice. It hurts when it gets in your eyes. It also kills the plants and animals that usually live in lake water. That is why the fish are dying in lakes.
But dead fish may be just the beginning of the problem. Scientists are finding other effects of acid rain. In some large areas trees are dying. Not just one tree here and there, but whole forests. At first scientists couldn't understand why. There were no bugs or diseases in these trees. The weather was not dry. But now they think that the rain was the cause. Acid rain is making the earth more acidic in these areas. Some kinds of trees cannot live in the soil that is very acidic.
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a) A gas in the atmosphere. The gas that we breathe out. | |
2. Environment | b) The Earth is becoming warmer because there is too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
3. Flora | c) The study of how living things interact with each other. |
4. Fauna | d) This is the atmosphere between 10 km and 60 km above the Earth. The ozone stops a lot of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. |
5. Habitat | е) When the land, sea or air becomes dirty or poisonous. |
6. Pollution | f) Part of sunlight. |
7. Carbon dioxide | g) A place that provides animals and plants with food, water and shelter. |
8. Greenhouse effect | h) It means simply what is around us. |
9. Ozone layer | i) All the plants that grow in a region. |
10. Ultraviolet radiation | j) The animals of a region. |
1 Acid Rain
Acid Rain, form of air pollution created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture, yielding sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which may be deposited in rain, snow, fog, or dry forms. The problem of acid rain originated with the Industrial Revolution, but its widespread destructiveness has become evident only in recent decades. Acid rain has eroded structures, injured crops and forests, and threatened or depleted life in freshwater lakes. The northeastern United States, eastern Canada, and northern Europe are areas that have been particularly affected by this form of pollution. Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain, although industries have tended to challenge such assessments. In recent years the United States and other nations have put regulations in place in an attempt to reduce emissions of acid-rain-forming chemicals.
2 Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect, term for the role the atmosphere plays in warming the earth's surface. Incoming solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere, but much of this radiation is held within the earth's atmosphere by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. This process maintains the earth's temperature in a range that is hospitable to life. Increasing amounts of greenhouse effect gases, produced by industry and the burning of fossil fuels, could eventually result in a global warming of perhaps 2.0° С (3.6° F) by the year 2100, altering climates and significantly raising sea levels.
Greenhouse Effect, term for the role the atmosphere plays in warming the earth's surface. Incoming solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere, but much of this radiation is held within the earth's atmosphere by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone. This process maintains the earth's temperature in a range that is hospitable to life. Increasing amounts of greenhouse effect gases, produced by industry and the burning of fossil fuels, could eventually result in a global warming of perhaps 2.0° С (3.6° F) by the year 2100, altering climates and significantly raising sea levels.
3 Global Warming
Global Warming, increase in the earth's temperature caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases prevent infrared radiation from escaping into space, and this Greenhouse effect maintains the earth's warm temperature. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, resulting from industry and the burning of fossil fuels, may result in rising global temperatures, causing coastal flooding and major climatic changes. According to the British Meteorological Office, 1995 was the warmest year on record and global temperatures continued to rise. A United Nations panel of scientists has predicted that if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced, the average global temperature could rise by 1° to 3.5° С (1.8° to6.3°F ) by the year 2100.
Global Warming, increase in the earth's temperature caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases prevent infrared radiation from escaping into space, and this Greenhouse effect maintains the earth's warm temperature. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases, resulting from industry and the burning of fossil fuels, may result in rising global temperatures, causing coastal flooding and major climatic changes. According to the British Meteorological Office, 1995 was the warmest year on record and global temperatures continued to rise. A United Nations panel of scientists has predicted that if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced, the average global temperature could rise by 1° to 3.5° С (1.8° to
4 Air Pollution
Air Pollution contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes that can endanger the health of human beings, plants, and animals, or that can damage materials, reduce visibility, or produce undesirable odors.
Air Pollution contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes that can endanger the health of human beings, plants, and animals, or that can damage materials, reduce visibility, or produce undesirable odors.
Atmospheric mixing often reduces pollution levels, which depends on such weather conditions as temperature and the movement of high and low pressure systems. An inversion, which occurs when a cold layer of air settles under a warm layer, can slow atmospheric mixing and allow pollutants to accumulate hazardously near the ground. Severe pollution in London took 3500 to 4000 lives in 1952, for example. The effects of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pollutants are not well known, although the very young, the elderly, smokers, and people with heart or lung disease are considered most at risk.
5 Soil
Soil forms over thousands of years from the weathering of rock. There are three types of weathering: physical weathering (where temperature changes cause the rock to expand and contract until it shatters into pieces), chemical weathering (where carbon dioxide and water form a weak acid that dissolves rocks such as limestone) and biological weathering (where the rock is broken down by the action of living things such as plant roots and bacteria). The top layer of the soil (topsoil) is rich in humus – a dark, fibrous material formed from decaying organic matter.
Humus contains micronutrients such as nitrogen, minerals such as iron, and microorganisms that break down the organic matter. Humus absorbs moisture and binds the inorganic particles together. The quality (or fertility) of soil depends on the amount of humus in it – the organic content.
Soil forms over thousands of years from the weathering of rock. There are three types of weathering: physical weathering (where temperature changes cause the rock to expand and contract until it shatters into pieces), chemical weathering (where carbon dioxide and water form a weak acid that dissolves rocks such as limestone) and biological weathering (where the rock is broken down by the action of living things such as plant roots and bacteria). The top layer of the soil (topsoil) is rich in humus – a dark, fibrous material formed from decaying organic matter.
Humus contains micronutrients such as nitrogen, minerals such as iron, and microorganisms that break down the organic matter. Humus absorbs moisture and binds the inorganic particles together. The quality (or fertility) of soil depends on the amount of humus in it – the organic content.
6 Effects of pollution on human health
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.
Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes.
Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance.
Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems.
Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.
Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes.
Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance.
Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems.
Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.
7 Environment effects of pollution
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the environment. There are a number of effects of this:
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilize land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
8 Soil pollution
Soil contamination (soil pollution) is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry and computer modeling skills.
Soil contamination (soil pollution) is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of geology, hydrology, chemistry and computer modeling skills.
9 Causes of soil pollution
This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical usage.
Treated sewage sludge, known in the industry as biosolids, has become controversial as a fertilizer to the land. As it is the byproduct of sewage treatment, it generally contains contaminants such as organisms, pesticides, and heavy metals than other soil.There is also controversy surrounding the contamination of fertilizers with heavy metals.
This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical usage.
Treated sewage sludge, known in the industry as biosolids, has become controversial as a fertilizer to the land. As it is the byproduct of sewage treatment, it generally contains contaminants such as organisms, pesticides, and heavy metals than other soil.There is also controversy surrounding the contamination of fertilizers with heavy metals.
10 Health effects of soil contamination
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above ground contamination.
Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can cause other chronic health conditions. Industrial or man-made concentrations of naturally-occurring substances, such as nitrate and ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been identified as health hazards in soil and groundwater.
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants which have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above ground contamination.
Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chronic exposure to chromium, lead and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can cause other chronic health conditions. Industrial or man-made concentrations of naturally-occurring substances, such as nitrate and ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been identified as health hazards in soil and groundwater.
11 Ecosystem effects
Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentration of the contaminant species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The result can be virtual eradication of some of the primary food chain, which in turn has major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.
Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentration of the contaminant species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The result can be virtual eradication of some of the primary food chain, which in turn has major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.
13 People and Plants
Without plants there would be no life on Earth. In addition to providing food crops, they also release oxygen into the air for people to breathe. Over the centuries, people have selected and bred plants for different purposes. Today just three plants — wheat, rice, and corn — feed more than half the people in the world. Other sources of food include the underground parts of plants, such as potatoes, the fruits and nuts of trees, such as apples, oranges, and coconuts. Popular drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cocoa are all made from parts of plants.
In ancient times, plants played a vital role in healing, and many are still used by the modern pharmaceutical industry
The coal that is burned as fuel today began from about 300 million years ago in swamp forests. As plants died, they were buried in the swamps but did not rot away completely. Instead they stuck together to form layers of peat. Gradually the peat was compressed and heated to form coal.
Without plants there would be no life on Earth. In addition to providing food crops, they also release oxygen into the air for people to breathe. Over the centuries, people have selected and bred plants for different purposes. Today just three plants — wheat, rice, and corn — feed more than half the people in the world. Other sources of food include the underground parts of plants, such as potatoes, the fruits and nuts of trees, such as apples, oranges, and coconuts. Popular drinks, such as coffee, tea, and cocoa are all made from parts of plants.
In ancient times, plants played a vital role in healing, and many are still used by the modern pharmaceutical industry
The coal that is burned as fuel today began from about 300 million years ago in swamp forests. As plants died, they were buried in the swamps but did not rot away completely. Instead they stuck together to form layers of peat. Gradually the peat was compressed and heated to form coal.
14 People and Animals
Since the earliest times, people have hunted wild animals for their meat, skins and fur. Then in about 10,000 ВС, the first farmers began to tame and breed wild animals to feed the growing population. This process called domestication played a vital role in the development of human civilization. Since then, people have continued to rear animals for food and clothing, as well as train them to work, and breed them as pets. Some domesticated animals, including many breeds of dog, have been specially bred for so long that they look very different from their wild ancestors.
Many animals are trained to work for people because of their skills. Dogs are particularly intelligent animals and can be taught to guide blind people, control herds of sheep, sniff out drugs or explosives, and help police to track down criminals.
Although many people consider it cruel, rabbits, mice, rats, and other animals are kept in laboratories and used to test new medicines, to help find cures for certain diseases such as cancer, and to increase human understanding of animal behaviour. Some studies involve altering the genetic makeup of animals or producing clones — animals that are genetically identical.
Since the earliest times, people have hunted wild animals for their meat, skins and fur. Then in about 10,000 ВС, the first farmers began to tame and breed wild animals to feed the growing population. This process called domestication played a vital role in the development of human civilization. Since then, people have continued to rear animals for food and clothing, as well as train them to work, and breed them as pets. Some domesticated animals, including many breeds of dog, have been specially bred for so long that they look very different from their wild ancestors.
Many animals are trained to work for people because of their skills. Dogs are particularly intelligent animals and can be taught to guide blind people, control herds of sheep, sniff out drugs or explosives, and help police to track down criminals.
Although many people consider it cruel, rabbits, mice, rats, and other animals are kept in laboratories and used to test new medicines, to help find cures for certain diseases such as cancer, and to increase human understanding of animal behaviour. Some studies involve altering the genetic makeup of animals or producing clones — animals that are genetically identical.
15 Air Pollution
We need certain things to stay alive and healthy. We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. We need also food that is safe to eat and housing to shelter us. But we can't get all these things by ourselves. We live in larger communities so we can solve our health problems only working together.
Polluted air is a community problem. Air becomes polluted in many ways. Cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes are among the worst polluters. They send partly burned gases into the air. Smoke and gases from factories can also pollute air; some of the harmful gases that pour into the air are invisible. Dirt, smoke, and gases in the air may be carried away by wind and by air currents, or settle over as a blanket of smog.
Air pollution can cause, or make worse diseases. They usually affect older people. But everyone may feel uncomfortable and suffer from lack of energy when air isn't clean.
What do people do to cut down on air pollution? Today, many factories use devices to reduce the smoke, dust, or harmful gases. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can help reduce air pollution. More efficient engines can help too.
We need certain things to stay alive and healthy. We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. We need also food that is safe to eat and housing to shelter us. But we can't get all these things by ourselves. We live in larger communities so we can solve our health problems only working together.
Polluted air is a community problem. Air becomes polluted in many ways. Cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes are among the worst polluters. They send partly burned gases into the air. Smoke and gases from factories can also pollute air; some of the harmful gases that pour into the air are invisible. Dirt, smoke, and gases in the air may be carried away by wind and by air currents, or settle over as a blanket of smog.
Air pollution can cause, or make worse diseases. They usually affect older people. But everyone may feel uncomfortable and suffer from lack of energy when air isn't clean.
What do people do to cut down on air pollution? Today, many factories use devices to reduce the smoke, dust, or harmful gases. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can help reduce air pollution. More efficient engines can help too.
16 Environmental Pollution
People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowded rural areas and did not have pollution causing machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become more important. Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily worse. Since the late 1960's people have become alarmed with the danger of pollution.
Air, water, and soil are necessary for existence of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil, food cannot be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet.
People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowded rural areas and did not have pollution causing machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become more important. Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily worse. Since the late 1960's people have become alarmed with the danger of pollution.
Air, water, and soil are necessary for existence of all living things. But polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. On polluted soil, food cannot be grown. In addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet.
17 Environmental Pollution
Pollution is as complicated as serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil. Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually. Scientists and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.
Pollution is as complicated as serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil. Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually. Scientists and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.
18 Is Nuclear Power a Good Choice?
Nuclear power provides us with electricity. It uses the energy stored in the nucleus in the centre of atoms. In some very heavy atoms the nucleus can be split into two smaller parts. This process of nuclear fission releases an enormous amount of heat, which is used in nuclear power engineering.
The process of nuclear fission is very dangerous. So much energy is produced that there can be an explosion, and this is what happens in an atom bomb. In a nuclear power station, fission is controlled so that energy is produced without explosions. The uranium1 fuel forms the core of a nuclear reactor. Special control rods can be raised or lowered into the uranium. These rods, made of cadmium or boron, absorb neutrons. This slows the reaction.
Nuclear power provides us with electricity. It uses the energy stored in the nucleus in the centre of atoms. In some very heavy atoms the nucleus can be split into two smaller parts. This process of nuclear fission releases an enormous amount of heat, which is used in nuclear power engineering.
The process of nuclear fission is very dangerous. So much energy is produced that there can be an explosion, and this is what happens in an atom bomb. In a nuclear power station, fission is controlled so that energy is produced without explosions. The uranium1 fuel forms the core of a nuclear reactor. Special control rods can be raised or lowered into the uranium. These rods, made of cadmium or boron, absorb neutrons. This slows the reaction.
19 Is Nuclear Power a Good Choice?
The fuel in a nuclear reactor is very radioactive. It produces a lot of dangerous radiation, which is extremely harmful to all living things. Some of the radioactive substances produced by the reactor remain dangerous for thousands of years. Getting rid of this dangerous nuclear waste safely is a serious problem.
A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atom bomb but an accident at a nuclear power station can have disastrous effects over a large area. In 1986 a major accident at Chernobyl nuclear power station in the then USSR released radioactive substances into the atmosphere. Winds carried them across Europe, and rains washed them down to earth. There was an increase in the amount of radiation, grass and crops became radioactive. People living near Chernobyl have suffered very much, and some have died.
The fuel in a nuclear reactor is very radioactive. It produces a lot of dangerous radiation, which is extremely harmful to all living things. Some of the radioactive substances produced by the reactor remain dangerous for thousands of years. Getting rid of this dangerous nuclear waste safely is a serious problem.
A nuclear reactor cannot explode like an atom bomb but an accident at a nuclear power station can have disastrous effects over a large area. In 1986 a major accident at Chernobyl nuclear power station in the then USSR released radioactive substances into the atmosphere. Winds carried them across Europe, and rains washed them down to earth. There was an increase in the amount of radiation, grass and crops became radioactive. People living near Chernobyl have suffered very much, and some have died.
20 How Much Energy Do We Use?
Everyone needs energy just to keep alive. However, we also use a lot of energy running machines to help us in our work and play. Almost all homes in Europe, North America, Australia, and other industrialized countries have a supply of electricity for lighting and heating and to run the TVs, washing machines and other electrical machines. Pipes usually bring a supply of gas as well as for cooking or heating. We also have cars, which get their energy from petrol. In many developing countries people are much poorer and use a lot less energy.
Thousands of years ago people had only the sun's energy and their own energy. They burnt wood for heat, and animals provided energy to carry things and work on the farms. Then they learnt to use energy in rivers to turn water wheels, and the energy in wind to drive windmills and sailing ships. About 200 years ago they began to bum fossil fuels.
Everyone needs energy just to keep alive. However, we also use a lot of energy running machines to help us in our work and play. Almost all homes in Europe, North America, Australia, and other industrialized countries have a supply of electricity for lighting and heating and to run the TVs, washing machines and other electrical machines. Pipes usually bring a supply of gas as well as for cooking or heating. We also have cars, which get their energy from petrol. In many developing countries people are much poorer and use a lot less energy.
Thousands of years ago people had only the sun's energy and their own energy. They burnt wood for heat, and animals provided energy to carry things and work on the farms. Then they learnt to use energy in rivers to turn water wheels, and the energy in wind to drive windmills and sailing ships. About 200 years ago they began to bum fossil fuels.
21 other sources of energy
Most of the energy we use today comes from the fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas. But these will not last long because they are not being replaced. Also, burning them is slowly harming the atmosphere. Engineers are now looking for other ways of supplying energy. Modern windmills are being built in groups to produce electricity from the wind. In some places, the seawater flowing to and fro with the tides will also turn turbines, and even waves on the sea can produce electricity. The sun's energy can be collected by solar panels, which heat water, or by solar cells, which produce electricity when light falls on them. Geothermal energy comes from the hot rocks inside the earth, which can heat water and make electricity. All these methods can supply our energy and they do not harm the atmosphere. But people go on using fossil fuels because they are still the cheapest and most convenient way to get energy.
22 Water Power
Water always flows from a higher point to a lower point. This movement of water can be used as a source of energy. It can be the gentle flow of a river, or water falling from a great height as in a waterfall. The never-ending movement of waves at sea and tides can also be used to provide energy. Unlike many other sources of energy, water does not get used up and there will always be a cheap and constant supply of moving water on the earth.
Electricity is generated when water drives a machine called a turbine, which is connected to a dynamo. Turbines are more efficient versions of earlier water wheels. They are designed to take as much energy from the moving water as possible. Hydroelectric power stations are often built in hilly regions where there is lots of rain. A lake or reservoir provides a store of water high above the generating station. The amount of power available depends on the height the water falls. A dam is often needed to increase the size of a natural lake. Water flows from the reservoir down to the turbines through strong steel pipes or tunnels.
23 Wind Power
The wind can be very destructive. Gales can uproot trees and lift tiles off roofs. But the wind can also be put to work. Sailing ships and yachts have sailed round the world on wind power alone. And windmills have used the power of the wind for grinding corn and pumping water. Today, aerogenerators are using the wind's energy to generate electricity. Unlike oil and gas, the wind is one source of energy, which will never run out.
The wind can be very destructive. Gales can uproot trees and lift tiles off roofs. But the wind can also be put to work. Sailing ships and yachts have sailed round the world on wind power alone. And windmills have used the power of the wind for grinding corn and pumping water. Today, aerogenerators are using the wind's energy to generate electricity. Unlike oil and gas, the wind is one source of energy, which will never run out.
Most aerogenerators have a tall, slim tower with huge blades like an aircraft's propeller mounted on top. The blades can be over 209 m long. As they spin in the wind, they turn a generator, which produces electricity. Aerogenerators are placed on exposed, windy sites often in large groups called wind farms. Unlike fuel-burning power stations, they do not pollute the atmosphere, but the force of the wind is unpredictable and few sites in the world are suitable.
24 Solar Power
Light and heat from the sun pour down on the earth all the time. When we turn this energy into electricity or use it as heat, we call it solar power. On a sunny day, a square patch of earth facing the sun with sides 1 meter long gets up to 1,000 watts of power from the sun; enough to run one bar of an electric fire. In fact, the sun could supply all the power we need for the whole world if we could collect it and use it efficiently. The equipment needed to turn the sun's energy into useful power is expensive but it costs less to run and maintain than an ordinary power station.
Energy from the sun has always been important to people. Over 2,000 years ago the Greeks and Romans were building their houses to face the sun. In 1714, Antoine Lavoisier, a French scientist, made a solar furnace, which could melt metals. The first steam engine to work on solar power ran a printing press in Paris in 1880. By 1900 many houses in the hotter parts of the USA had solar water heaters. All these inventions used the heat from the sun. It was not until 1954 that the first practical solar cells turned sunlight directly into electricity.
Light and heat from the sun pour down on the earth all the time. When we turn this energy into electricity or use it as heat, we call it solar power. On a sunny day, a square patch of earth facing the sun with sides 1 meter long gets up to 1,000 watts of power from the sun; enough to run one bar of an electric fire. In fact, the sun could supply all the power we need for the whole world if we could collect it and use it efficiently. The equipment needed to turn the sun's energy into useful power is expensive but it costs less to run and maintain than an ordinary power station.
Energy from the sun has always been important to people. Over 2,000 years ago the Greeks and Romans were building their houses to face the sun. In 1714, Antoine Lavoisier, a French scientist, made a solar furnace, which could melt metals. The first steam engine to work on solar power ran a printing press in Paris in 1880. By 1900 many houses in the hotter parts of the USA had solar water heaters. All these inventions used the heat from the sun. It was not until 1954 that the first practical solar cells turned sunlight directly into electricity.
25 Solar Power
Electricity is probably the most convenient type of power we use every day, and solar cells can turn sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are made from thin slices of pure silicon, a material that can be got from sand. The top of the slice is a slightly different kind of silicon from the bottom, and when light shines on it, an electric current will flow along a wire connecting the top to the bottom. A single solar cell produces only a tiny current, but an array of cells connected together makes a useful amount of power. Satellites in space use huge panels of solar cells to supply their electricity. In remote parts of some developing countries, solar cells provide electricity to pump water for drinking and growing crops and to power refrigerators storing medicines.
Electricity is probably the most convenient type of power we use every day, and solar cells can turn sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are made from thin slices of pure silicon, a material that can be got from sand. The top of the slice is a slightly different kind of silicon from the bottom, and when light shines on it, an electric current will flow along a wire connecting the top to the bottom. A single solar cell produces only a tiny current, but an array of cells connected together makes a useful amount of power. Satellites in space use huge panels of solar cells to supply their electricity. In remote parts of some developing countries, solar cells provide electricity to pump water for drinking and growing crops and to power refrigerators storing medicines.
26 Overpopulation
The world's population is an important issue. For hundreds of thousands of years, the human population grew at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then, in less than last 200 years, the world population went from several hundreds of million more than 6 billion people.
The Earth has certain limitations and in particular, there are limits to growth of things that consume the Earth resources.
Many people believe that these resources, both the Earth and the human intellect are endless and population growth can continue and that there is no danger that we will ever run out of anything. Yet, many people had predicted catastrophic shortages of natural resources that would follow, because of continued population growth. Countries try not to raise this subject to the public much, because they do not want to raise panic.
Nowadays they have to do something about it before it gets out of hand. They try to censor it and sometimes lie. Do you know that the USA itself consumes 50 per cent of all electricity produced on the Earth? The population of the USA is just around 285 millions people.
The world's population is an important issue. For hundreds of thousands of years, the human population grew at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then, in less than last 200 years, the world population went from several hundreds of million more than 6 billion people.
The Earth has certain limitations and in particular, there are limits to growth of things that consume the Earth resources.
Many people believe that these resources, both the Earth and the human intellect are endless and population growth can continue and that there is no danger that we will ever run out of anything. Yet, many people had predicted catastrophic shortages of natural resources that would follow, because of continued population growth. Countries try not to raise this subject to the public much, because they do not want to raise panic.
Nowadays they have to do something about it before it gets out of hand. They try to censor it and sometimes lie. Do you know that the USA itself consumes 50 per cent of all electricity produced on the Earth? The population of the USA is just around 285 millions people.
27 Overpopulation
Overpopulation is like a big magnifying glass making little problems into big ones.
Overpopulation is destroying our environment, lowering the standard of living, and generally degrading the quality of life.
Overpopulation also causes more violence, environmental pollution that reflects on land degradation, tropical for destruction, global warming and destruction of coral reefs. 6 billion member societies has to get a huge food infrastructure so society start producing genetically made food, which is cheaper than ordinary one but might reflect in the nutrient balance. For example, in China it is prohibited to have more than one child for a couple. There is a very dangerous situation in India. By the year 2025 its population might reach 1.5 billion people.
The planet urgently needs population control. Birth control, abortion and quotas need to be supported, if the planet to remain habitable in the long term.
Every second five people are born and two people die, so there is a gain of three people. At this rate, the world population is doubling every 40 years and would be: 12 billions in 40 years, 24 billions in 80 years and 48 billions in 120 years. But the Earth could provide food only for 20 billions people.
Overpopulation is like a big magnifying glass making little problems into big ones.
Overpopulation is destroying our environment, lowering the standard of living, and generally degrading the quality of life.
Overpopulation also causes more violence, environmental pollution that reflects on land degradation, tropical for destruction, global warming and destruction of coral reefs. 6 billion member societies has to get a huge food infrastructure so society start producing genetically made food, which is cheaper than ordinary one but might reflect in the nutrient balance. For example, in China it is prohibited to have more than one child for a couple. There is a very dangerous situation in India. By the year 2025 its population might reach 1.5 billion people.
The planet urgently needs population control. Birth control, abortion and quotas need to be supported, if the planet to remain habitable in the long term.
Every second five people are born and two people die, so there is a gain of three people. At this rate, the world population is doubling every 40 years and would be: 12 billions in 40 years, 24 billions in 80 years and 48 billions in 120 years. But the Earth could provide food only for 20 billions people.
28 The hole in the ozone layer
Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on the Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet's surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometersters above the Earth's surface, where it plays a very importanttant role. Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation can damage cells of living things — plants, animals and people. Whereas small doses result in nothing worse than sunburn, larger amounts may cause cataracts or skin cancer, and can affect the growth of plants
Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity has a major impact on the Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high above the planet's surface has been brought about as the result of the widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert and harmless. Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometersters above the Earth's surface, where it plays a very importanttant role. Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun. Ultraviolet radiation can damage cells of living things — plants, animals and people. Whereas small doses result in nothing worse than sunburn, larger amounts may cause cataracts or skin cancer, and can affect the growth of plants
29 Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that make up the air we breathe. It enters the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. The main sources are the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, gas exchange in the oceans, deforestation, respiration by animals and the burning of coal and oil. Over the last 100 years or so the amount of CO2 in the world’s atmosphere has increased due to the burning of fossil fuels from about 265 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the early 19th century to 340 ppmv today. As well as the burning of fossil fuels, the large scale destruction of tropical rainforests in recent times is also putting more CO2 into the atmosphere as the cut trees decompose – and stop converting CO2.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that make up the air we breathe. It enters the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle. The main sources are the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, gas exchange in the oceans, deforestation, respiration by animals and the burning of coal and oil. Over the last 100 years or so the amount of CO2 in the world’s atmosphere has increased due to the burning of fossil fuels from about 265 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in the early 19th century to 340 ppmv today. As well as the burning of fossil fuels, the large scale destruction of tropical rainforests in recent times is also putting more CO2 into the atmosphere as the cut trees decompose – and stop converting CO2.
30 To Save the Soil from Salinization
The chief culprits of … are sodium and magnesium … . They аге found deep in the … but along the capillaries, which abound in any … , they are gradually drown with the salt liquor to the … . The water then … and the salt settles. Thus with every passing year it accumulates in the arable … , forming a sparkling … on the surface. And t h e plants begin to … – not of ordinary drought, but of what is known as physiological … . Try and slake the thirst with salt water. In consequence, arable … degenerate into … lands, incapable of yielding … . Thus salt inflicts colossal … on agriculture.
The chief culprits of … are sodium and magnesium … . They аге found deep in the … but along the capillaries, which abound in any … , they are gradually drown with the salt liquor to the … . The water then … and the salt settles. Thus with every passing year it accumulates in the arable … , forming a sparkling … on the surface. And t h e plants begin to … – not of ordinary drought, but of what is known as physiological … . Try and slake the thirst with salt water. In consequence, arable … degenerate into … lands, incapable of yielding … . Thus salt inflicts colossal … on agriculture.
die, salinization, waste, damage, salts, crust, evaporates, ground, surface, soil,
layer, dryness, lands, crops.
Test
1.Extinct is …no longer existing, as an animal speciesa person who kills wildlife illegallythe act of cutting down large areas of forest2. Pollution is…the damage done to air, water or soil by the addition of harmful chemicalsa person who kills wildlife illegallythe act of cutting down large areas of forest3.Ozone layer is….the part of the Earth which contains all the living creaturesthe natural environment of a plant or animala layer of the chemical ozone in the earth’s atmosphere that block harmful rays from the sun4.Poacher is …a species which is in danger of becoming extincta person who kills wildlife illegallythe natural environment of a plant or animal5.Habitat is …the natural environment of a plant or animalrain that contains acid from industrial wastethe part of the Earth which contains all the living creatures6. Biosphere is …the natural environment of a plant or animalrain that contains acid from industrial wastethe part of the Earth which contains all the living creatures7. Acid rain is…rain that contains acid from industrial wastethe raising of the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels and increased amount of gases such as carbon dioxide8. Nuclear power station is …an electricity generation station which uses radioactive fuel to drive the generatorsthe act of cutting down large areas of forestthe process of treating paper, plastic and metals so that they can be used again9. Endangered species is …the act of cutting down large areas of foresta species which is in danger of becoming extinctno longer existing, as an animal species10.Recycling is …the process of treating paper, plastic and metals so that they can be used againthe act of cutting down large areas of forestthe part of the Earth which contains all the living creatures11. Global warming is …rain that contains acid from industrial wastethe raising of the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere caused by the burning of fossil fuels and increased amount of gases such as carbon dioxide12. Deforestation is …an electricity generation station which uses radioactive fuel to drive the generatorsthe act of cutting down large areas of forest_______________________________________________________________________________FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
__________________________________
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
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52. Protection of nature
Nature is the source of Man's life since ancient times. People lived in harmony with environment for thousands of years and thought that natural riches were unlimited. The development of civilisation increased man's harmful interference in nature.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe and the water we drink. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Beautiful old forests disappear forever. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and rivers dry up.
The pollution of air and destruction of the ozone layer are the results of man's attitude towards Nature.
The protection of the environment is a universal concern. We must be very active to create a serious system of ecological security.
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destruction (n) – разрушение
dry up (v) – высыхать
harmful interference – вредное воздействие
industrial enterprises – промышленные предприятия
natural riches – природные богатства
ozone lауer [´əuzəun ´leıə] – озоновый слой
rare (adj) – редкий
source (n) [´sכ:s] – источник
substances (n) – вещества
suffer (v) – страдать
universal concern – всеобщая забота
upset (v) – зд. нарушать
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